Manually Installing Ubuntu 21.04 on Surface Go

Now, one can install Ubuntu perfectly well onto Surface Go without any shenanigans. Just follow a guide on how to boot install USB and you're golden. But I like my installations to be a bit special. :)

After booting into Ubuntu desktop installation one needs a root prompt. All further commands are going to need root credentials anyhow.

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sudo -i

The very first step should be setting up a few variables - disk, host, and user name. This way we can use them going forward and avoid accidental mistakes. Just make sure to replace these values with ones appropriate for your system.

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DISK=/dev/disk/by-id/ata_disk
HOST=desktop
USER=user

Disk setup is really minimal. Please note you can actually reduce size of boot partition but that might get you in trouble if you start playing with low latency kernel. Some extra space will help here.

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blkdiscard $DISK

sgdisk --zap-all                       $DISK
sgdisk -n1:1M:+47M -t1:EF00 -c1:EFI    $DISK
sgdisk -n2:0:+720M -t2:8300 -c2:Boot   $DISK
sgdisk -n3:0:0     -t3:8309 -c3:Ubuntu $DISK

sgdisk --print                         $DISK

I usually encrypt just the root partition as having boot partition unencrypted does offer advantages and having standard kernels exposed is not much of a security issue.

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cryptsetup luksFormat -q --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 256 \
    --pbkdf pbkdf2 --hash sha256 $DISK-part3

Since crypt device name is displayed on every startup, for Surface Go I like to use host name here.

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cryptsetup luksOpen $DISK-part3 ${HOST^}

Now we can prepare all needed partitions.

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yes | mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/${HOST^}
mkdir /mnt/install
mount /dev/mapper/${HOST^} /mnt/install/

yes | mkfs.ext4 $DISK-part2
mkdir /mnt/install/boot
mount $DISK-part2 /mnt/install/boot/

mkfs.msdos -F 32 -n EFI $DISK-part1
mkdir /mnt/install/boot/efi
mount $DISK-part1 /mnt/install/boot/efi

To start the fun we need debootstrap package.

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apt update ; apt install --yes debootstrap

And then we can get basic OS on the disk. This will take a while.

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debootstrap $(basename `ls -d /cdrom/dists/*/ | head -1`) /mnt/install/

Our newly copied system is lacking a few files and we should make sure they exist before proceeding.

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echo $HOST > /mnt/install/etc/hostname
sed "s/ubuntu/$HOST/" /etc/hosts > /mnt/install/etc/hosts
sed '/cdrom/d' /etc/apt/sources.list > /mnt/install/etc/apt/sources.list
cp /etc/netplan/*.yaml /mnt/install/etc/netplan/

If you are installing via WiFi, you might as well copy your wireless credentials:

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mkdir -p /mnt/install/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/
cp /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/* /mnt/install/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/

Finally we're ready to "chroot" into our new system.

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mount --rbind /dev  /mnt/install/dev
mount --rbind /proc /mnt/install/proc
mount --rbind /sys  /mnt/install/sys
chroot /mnt/install \
    /usr/bin/env DISK=$DISK HOST=$HOST USER=$USER \
    bash --login

Let's not forget to setup locale and time zone.

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locale-gen --purge "en_US.UTF-8"
update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en_US
dpkg-reconfigure --frontend noninteractive locales

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Now we're ready to onboard the latest Linux image.

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apt update
apt install --yes --no-install-recommends linux-image-generic linux-headers-generic

Followed by boot environment packages.

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apt install --yes initramfs-tools cryptsetup keyutils grub-efi-amd64-signed shim-signed tasksel

Since we're dealing with encrypted data, we should auto mount it via crypttab. If there are multiple encrypted drives or partitions, keyscript really comes in handy to open them all with the same password. As it doesn't have negative consequences, I just add it even for a single disk setup.

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echo "${HOST^} UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value $DISK-part3)  none \
    luks,discard,initramfs,keyscript=decrypt_keyctl" >> /etc/crypttab
cat /etc/crypttab

To mount boot and EFI partition, we need to do some fstab setup too:

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echo "UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/mapper/${HOST^}) \
    / ext4 noatime,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=5s 0 1" >> /etc/fstab
echo "PARTUUID=$(blkid -s PARTUUID -o value $DISK-part2) \
    /boot ext4 noatime,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=5s 0 1" >> /etc/fstab
echo "PARTUUID=$(blkid -s PARTUUID -o value $DISK-part1) \
    /boot/efi vfat noatime,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=5s 0 1" >> /etc/fstab
cat /etc/fstab

Now we update our boot environment.

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KERNEL=`ls /usr/lib/modules/ | cut -d/ -f1 | sed 's/linux-image-//'`
update-initramfs -u -k $KERNEL

Grub update is what makes EFI tick.

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sed -i "s/^GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT.*/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=\"quiet splash \
    mem_sleep_default=deep\"/" /etc/default/grub
update-grub
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=Ubuntu \
    --recheck --no-floppy

Finally we install out GUI environment. I personally like ubuntu-desktop-minimal but you can opt for ubuntu-desktop. In any case, it'll take a considerable amount of time.

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tasksel install ubuntu-desktop-minimal

Short package upgrade will not hurt.

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add-apt-repository universe
apt update ; apt dist-upgrade --yes

The only remaining task before restart is to create the user, assign a few extra groups to it, and make sure its home has correct owner.

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adduser --disabled-password --gecos '' $USER
usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,dip,lpadmin,plugdev,sudo $USER
echo "$USER ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/$USER
passwd $USER

Before finishing it up, I like to install Surface Go WiFi and backlight tracer packages. This will allow for usage of wireless once we boot into installed system and for remembering light level between plugged/unplugged states.

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wget -O /tmp/surface-go-wifi_amd64.deb \
    https://www.medo64.com/download/surface-go-wifi_0.0.5_amd64.deb
apt install --yes /tmp/surface-go-wifi_amd64.deb

wget -O /tmp/backlight-tracer_amd64.deb \
    https://www.medo64.com/download/backlight-tracer_0.1.1_all.deb
apt install --yes /tmp/backlight-tracer_amd64.deb

As install is ready, we can exit our chroot environment.

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exit

And unmount our disk:

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umount /mnt/install/boot/efi
umount /mnt/install/boot
mount | tac | awk '/\/mnt/ {print $3}' | xargs -i{} umount -lf {}

After the reboot you should be able to enjoy your installation.

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reboot

Once booted I like to setup suspend to react on power button and and to disable automatic brightness changes.

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gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power button-power 'suspend'
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power power-button-action 'suspend'
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power ambient-enabled 'false'
gsettings set org.gnome.mutter experimental-features "['x11-randr-fractional-scaling']"

My preferred scale factor is 150% (instead of default 200%) but you'll need to change that in settings manually.